The Hydrino as defined by Dr Randell Mills has a "real" fractional quantum state where the orbital is claimed to be smaller than the Bohr radius. Mills claim has been rejected by mainstream physics but an alternate theory by Jan Naudts was better received. Naudts proposed that hydrogen atoms inside a Casimir cavity could "appear" to have fractional states from a relativistic perspective outside the cavity. His paper, "On the hydrino state of the relativistic hydrogen atom" only solved for the case of a nuclear reaction many orders of magnitude higher than the controversial 137 fractional states claimed by Mills but established a relativistic loophole. Then, In 2007, Ron Bourgoin published "Inverse Quantum Mechanics of the Hydrogen Atom" that showed the general wave equation predicts exactly the 137 inverse principal quantum states indicated by Mills but using math that dictates a relativistic perspective. In an earlier 2006 version of the paper titled "INVERSE QUANTUM STATES OF HYDROGEN", Bourgoin solved for orbital velocity as C/n where 1< n <137. The equations both he and Naudts used do not apply to electron orbitals in a common inertial frame. These equations are commonly used for photons but dictate a relativistic perspective which can only be applied to electrons in different inertial frames such that they can appear to occupy the same spatial coordinates and energy states to an observer in a different inertial frame. the orbital velocity remains unchanged locally inside the same inertial frame but appears contracted and slower to observers in other frames. The relativistic interpretation is based on "Cavity QED" by Zofia Bialynicka-Birula which proposes that Casimir cavities break gravitational isotropy. An abrupt equivalence boundary is formed by Casimir plates. The "displacement" of longer slower wavelength vacuum flux in between Casimir plates can be re-interpreted as a change in inertial frames simply making them appear faster or smaller. (see animation virtual particle vs. depiction changed wavelength). This puts a relativistic twist on the QED theory of "up conversion" of vacuum flux frequency due to Casimir effect.
The Mills device and the device proposed by Haisch and Model US Patent 7379286 - Quantum vacuum energy extraction both exploit the ability of Casimir cavities to segregate vacuum fluctuations by wavelength. Even the suppression of spontaneous emission of photons in a waveguide can be interpreted as relativistic by extension. I am proposing that every depletion zone such as a Casimir cavity is balanced by concentration zones. In the case of Casimir cavities this occurs naturally in the lattice of the cavity wall but this "segregation" of flux by wavelength can also be accomplished in a microwave waveguide. The suppression of spontaneous emission would require atomic interaction with "concentration" zones to slow time as opposed to "depletion” zones to accelerate time in a Casimir cavity. This theory also gives some plausibility to recent claims by Roger Shawyer of an EM drive based on relativity where microwaves are supplied into a sealed horn shaped microwave cavity to produce reactionless thrust. Shawyer maintains SR comes into play because the group velocity at either end of his horn are large fractions of the speed of light creating a tiny differential in radiation pressure which he claims can be multiplied by the Q of his microwave cavity. His microwave source and geometry may amount to a powered segregation of these depletion and concentration zones allowing us to "drive" vacuum fluctuations as opposed to allowing the fluctuations to drive reactions in a Casimir cavity.
I am proposing that Casimir force is actually the engine behind catalytic action. I don't accept that the Casimir geometry of the skeletal catalyst Rayney Nickel used by Black light power is just a coincidence. I believe that all catalytic action is based on Casimir geometry and that the Naudts relativistic solution for the hydrino applies to all catalytic action. Recently a team at Cornell University filled in an important blank by pinpointing unique sites where the reactions take place on SWCNTs the scientists showed that the reactions do not occur all along the tubes, but at the ends of the tubes or at defects along the tubes. I suggest this applies equally to all Casimir cavities in that catalytic action will only occur when the distance between plates change. Many of the diverse unexplained phenomena from excess heat to suppression of spontaneous emission can be interpreted as the relativistic manipulation of vacuum fluctuations. Catalysts cause an increase in the number of reactions per unit time while Casimir cavities are observed to have fewer long wavelength vacuum fluctuations in between their plates, If we assume Naudts proposal regarding a relativistic solution for the Hydrino is correct then both the increased number of reactions in a catalyst and fractional quantum states of hydrogen are actually relativistic and both effects are based on time dilation where the number of reactions and atomic radius are unchanged locally and only appear changed to an observer outside the catalyst-cavity. This solution based on depletion zones of long vacuum fluctuations inside a cavity also suggests suppression of spontaneous emission in a waveguide may be due to time dilation but based on "concentration" zones of longer wavelength vacuum fluctuations. The Mills theory, Haisch-Moddel patent and my own theory are all quite similar in requiring monatomic gas into a narrow rigid cavity and then diverge in their explanation of the excess heat. I am convinced that Zottia's position in "Cavity QED" is correct, that the difference in vacuum fluctuations inside a cavity vs. outside a cavity creates a break in gravitational isotropy. The difference in gravitational acceleration causes "equivalent" velocity to accumulate between observers outside the cavity relative to hydrogen atoms inside the cavity. an appropriate choice of rigid skeletal catalyst or Casimir cavity will prevent H2 from gaining significant velocity or permeate into the narrowest plate spacing while H1accumulates unlimited velocity. When 2 of these "fast" H1 atoms form a "fast" compound or molecule such as "fast" H2 it emits a photon but the high velocity in sudden opposition to the confinement of the rigid cavity tears it apart and restores monatomic energy levels by reducing their velocity. These "fast" (relativistic) H1 atoms continue to accumulate velocity and are free to repeat the procedure over and over again while emitting photons that heat the cavity.
Recall the moving mirror/observer paradox
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(ct’)^2
= (ct)^2+(vt’)^2 (ct’)^2 - (ct)^2 = (vt’)^2 t’^2 - t^2 = (vt’)^2 / c^2 t^2 = t’^2- (v^2 t’ ^2) / c^2 t^2 = t’^2 (1- v^2 / c^2) 1/(1- v^2 / c^2) =t’^2/t^2 1/(1-v^2/c^2)^1/2 = gamma  |
Both frames above are the same 2 mirrors onboard a spaceship but the right is being observed from the earth bound observer who sees the light taking the longer path between mirrors which are both moving relative to his position on earth. In the left frame light travels straight between the mirrors when observed from onboard the spaceship with no relative motion between mirrors and observer. Likewise 2 mirrors left on earth would be observed as straight by the local earth bound observer while the observer on the spacecraft would see the path as longer. The strange thing is that both local observers see the “remote” clock as running slower because from their perspective it is always the remote clock that is taking the “long diagonal” path between mirrors. The solution is in the math and the realization that the time dilation constant of proportionality, gamma, equals the ratio of remotely observed time between mirrors to locally observed time between mirrors. Both observers see the same delay which only equates to the absolute magnitude of the dilation and has no significance as to which clock is actually running faster or slower. It is only after the objects return to the same time frame that comparisons can solve for which clock was running faster or slower. We now know through thought experiments and confirming experimental data that the clock on board the more accelerated object runs slower than the less accelerated object but this is not visible to our observers and this leads to confusion when discussing time clock mirror examples in that very often people mix metaphors referring to the “solved” conditions while citing “observed” conditions resulting in conflicts. As shown in the mirror paradox, the “observed” remote vector between mirrors will always appear longer relative to the local path indicating only the absolute “magnitude” of the time dilation. The ratio of the remote time to the local time (Gamma) is called the time dilation constant. It is derived above for the general form using Pythagoreans theory and substitution. Gamma is an absolute value of the ratio and does not tell you which frame is moving faster or slower but if you know which object is more accelerated it allows us to calculate the time dilation. For any given number of time units on the faster object simply multiply by the ratio to get the number of time units experienced on the slower object.
The relativistic interpretation of the Hydrino as suggested by Jan Naudts would imply that the suppression of longer wavelength vacuum fluctuations between Casimir plates is not what current theory holds. Current theory says that longer vacuum fluctuations which do not fit as whole number wavelengths between the plates are suppressed allowing shorter wavelength fluctuations to replace them in a process QED calls "up-conversion". The relativistic interpretation is based on "Cavity QED" which relates Casimir force to gravitational acceleration where the plates represent an abrupt equivalence boundary which shields the cavity from the ambient gravitational field flowing around it. This "difference" in gravitational acceleration inside vs. outside is proportional to Casimir force and represents a small "equivalent" acceleration for the gas atoms diffused in the cavity relative to outside. The gas atoms inside and outside the cavity remain nearly stationary to each other spatially but the ambient gravity field outside is dissipated by the cavity walls creating a small differential in acceleration opposing or dragging behind the ambient. This has the unlikely effect of equivalent acceleration of stationary matter directly outside the cavity aging slower just like a spacecraft holding position in a deeper gravity well than an observer. Bourgoin calculates this as radial deceleration of electron orbitals to explain the hydrino but the relativistic interpretation would mean that the Bohr wavelength never gets shorter but rather appears shorter due to time dilation inside the cavity, as the Casimir plate spacing grows narrower the Casimir force increases and the wavelength appears smaller still. Since outside the cavity is a stronger g field the atoms inside the cavity are actually decelerating with respect to us and Gama is multiplied by proper time outside the cavity meaning the "fast" hydrogen inside the cavity is experiencing multiple seconds per seconds compared to outside the cavity very much in keeping with our current understanding of catalytic action..
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The 2.18 E6 m/sec calculated by Bourgoin is a nonphysical measurement of radial velocity based on Gamma. It is an absolute value based on the difference in acceleration between inertial frames that cause both frames to appear slower and contracted from the perspective of the other regardless of which is faster or slower. It isn't until after the 2 frames re-converge that accumulated time dilation is evident in the form of catalytic action where atoms inside the cavity have apparently aged at multiple seconds per second compared to an observer outside the cavity.
A little history, On August 12th 2009 Black Light Power announced that scientists at Rowan University independently formulated and tested fuels that on demand generated energy greater than that of combustion at power levels of kilowatts using BLP’s proprietary solid-fuel chemistry. Rowan University professors have reported a net energy gain of up to 6.5 times the maximum energy potential of the materials in the system from known chemical reactions. Unlike previous validations in the fall of 2008 using powder provided by Black Light Power this was accomplished using off the shelf chemicals with only a recipe provided by Black Light Power. In both cases the energy produced exceeded known chemistry but using off the shelf chemicals quiets much of the speculation regarding some overlooked energy source in the method of preparation. This is not to say I agree with BLP theory which I do not and most certainly do not accept the fractional state hydrino but rather present their results as only the most recent report of excess heat between monatomic hydrogen and catalysts. Other reports include Arata in Japan, Energetics in Israel and SPAWARS in California. This whole subject of anomalous heat production regarding monatomic hydrogen and different catalysts has been a long standing mystery in the scientific community. From Irving Langmuir’s circa 1939 Nobel Prize work with Atomic Hydrogen to Ponds and Fleischman work in the 80's and a bevy of recent reports all around the world. Trying to unravel this mystery has taken many paths, Cold Fusion, bubble fusion, LENR, cavitations and Casimir cavities to name a few. Much of the controversy has revolved around claims of a fractional quantum state where the orbital radius drops below the Bohr radius. I am proposing these so called fractional quantum states or hydrino states as defined by BLP are not real but rather relativistic and can only be observed from outside an equivalence boundary like a Casimir cavity. Atoms inside the cavity remain unchanged relative to each other in the same manner that the model Twin Paradox of physics allows the twin approaching C or an event horizon to remain unchanged relative to his own frame nothing happens.
Based on Casimir effect theory, Casimir plates are inherent in a rigid catalyst and create a "depletion zone" where a whole number value of longer wavelength vacuum fluctuations cannot fit between the plates. These wavelengths are thought to "up convert" to shorter wavelengths according to QED theory but I am proposing a relativistic interpretation based on work by Jan Naudts, Ron Bourgoin and Zofia Bialynicka-Birula. From a relativistic perspective, "up conversion" can be accomplished by curving space time such that any waveforms existing in this zone obey the laws of relativistic observation. The remote clock always appears slower but less gravitationally active tells us the dilation direction will be opposite a gravity well and therefore hydrogen inside the cavity will be faster inside the cavity. Imagine a waveform on a scope twisting from center on the vertical axis while scrunching up so that it appears to be disappearing into the screen. This is what a relativistic solution proposes regarding "up -conversion" as the plate spacing narrows the vacuum fluctuations have a shorter spatial path so they change their temporal perspective in order to fit between the plates. They are not displaced and replaced by shorter waveforms, they are the same waveforms merely occuring inside curved space
The theory that space inside a Casimir cavity has equivalent acceleration
(actually "deceleration" is more appropriate compared to ambient
gravity field outside the cavity) was first proposed by Di Fiore et all in
a 2002 paper "Vacuum fluctuation force on a rigid
Casimir cavity in a gravitational field". They proposed the possibility
of verifying the equivalence principle for the zero-point energy of quantum
electrodynamics, by evaluating the force, produced by vacuum fluctuations,
acting on a rigid Casimir cavity in a weak gravitational field. Their calculations
show a resulting force has opposite direction with respect to the gravitational
acceleration, their calculations indicates an equivalent acceleration between
the gravitational fields "falling “outside the cavity relative
to inside the cavity. This force of only 10 E^-14 N is inconsequential compared
to Casimir force but they were seeking to prove a small gravitational effect
by summing many layers of plates and cavities to expose any net differential
in forces between the plates and cavities. The lattices and cavities normally
balance between depletion and concentration zones but they sought to establish
a geometrical relationship that would determine if the net force could be
manipulated. Their results, although small, do support the link between gravitational
force and vacuum fluctuations, later work by Beck and Mackey proposes vacuum
fluctuations below 2 THz are more gravitationally active than those above
2 THz lending further support to this relationship.
Locally inside the cavity hydrogen remains just hydrogen and the Bohr radius is never violated. The acceleration inside the Cavity causes space-time to curve which accumulates into time dilation which looks suspiciously like what we more commonly refer to as catalytic action. With the appropriate choice of rigid catalyst (Rainey nickel or Pd) this "catalytic action" can be leveraged into producing excess heat. The acceleration and attained velocity of relativistic H1 inside the cavity becomes confinement when it forms relativistic H2. The new "fast" molecule gives off a photon but then is immediately broken apart by the "confinement" certain rigid catalysts inflict on"fast" molecules. This reduces velocity but restores monatomic energy levels such that the atoms can now resume their "equivalent" acceleration provided by the shielding of the cavity plates. I propose the orbital velocity has a default vector in free space around 45 degrees to the time axis, As linear spatial acceleration approaches the speed of light at 0 degrees the orbital goes "flat" and time as measured on the time axis approaches zero, As space time is curved or scrunched up as inside a Casimir cavity the orbital approaches 90 degrees and occupies "less" space and appears to get smaller while getting faster from our perspective.
N =1 is assumed to be 45 degree for flat space sharing dimensions equally. As Velocity increases toward C on spatial axis XYZ time is suppressed (event horizon), as velocity increases toward C on time axis the spatial axis XYZ are suppressed (Casimir cavity).
When relativistic H2 forms inside a cavity it emits a photon and becomes more spatially confined in opposition to the high velocity of the relativistic H2. relativistic H2 and normal H2 both resist mobility when the appropriate geometry rigid Casimir cavity is selected but the relativistic H2 however has already attained high velocity in opposition to this confinement. This opposition immediately tears apart the ionic or covalent bond of the compound and restores the atoms to monatomic energy levels still at significant velocity. These relativistic H1 atoms are free to repeat the procedure again and again while emitting photons to further heat the cavity and restore some of the lost "temporal" velocity while not even combusting the hydrogen, the energy is supplied by relativity and the equivalence boundary of a Casimir cavity. It allows a trigonmetric exchange between space and time where we age hydrogen in exchange for excess heat.