The Casimir effect is a physical force arising from a quantized field. Two closely spaced uncharged conductive plates without any external electromagnetic field will develop a force of attraction between themselves. In a classical description, the lack of an external field would mean that there is no field between the plates, and no force would be measured between them. From the perspective of QED( quantum electrodynamics) however, the plates do affect the virtual photons which constitute the field, and generate a net force, either an attraction or a repulsion, depending on the specific arrangement of the two plates. This force has been measured, and is a striking example of an effect purely due to second order quantization. Dutch physicists Hendrik Casimir and Dirk Polder first proposed the existence of the force and formulated an experiment to detect it in 1948 while participating in research at Philips Research Labs. The classic form of the experiment, described above, successfully demonstrated the force to within 15% of the value predicted by the theory. In 2003 this force was measured to within 5% of theory.
Present theory calls for the exclusion of longer vacuum fluctuations (aka larger virtual particles) in favor of shorter vacuum fluctuations (aka smaller virtual particles) that can fit an integer number of times between the Casimir geometry (plates) in a process called "up converting". It was established by Casimir - Polder that longer wavelength Vacuum fluctuations inside a cavity are restricted as the plates get closer because they must equal a whole number of wavelengths of the decreasing space between the plates. A relativistic interpretation however states that the longer wavelength fluctuations are NOT excluded, The longer wavelengths only appear shorter from our perspective outside the cavity due to an abrupt break in isotropy as proposed in Cavity QED.
This theory is in keeping with papers by Naudts and Bourgoin proposing a relativistic state of hydrogen with 137 fractional states. Their papers were directed at claims and controversy surrounding fractional hydrogen and their equations used math only suitable for a relativistic environment. This means that one must first assume the 10nm pores of Rainey nickel or the 100nm Casimir cavities of the Jovian prototype (competitor) represent a relativistic environment. Fortunately this is a valid proposition according to "Cavity QED" by Zofia Bialynicka-Birula. She proposes a broken isotropy of the gravitational field and a varying equivalence boundary based on cavities meeting Casimir geometry. Her paper suggested use of the Poincare group for electrons predating Bourgoin's use of full spin equations instead of the Dirac equations. The premise being that a constant change in local geometry, results in constantly changing inertial frames inside the cavity. an observer outside the cavity thus can model electrons inside the cavity as occupying the same spatial position in different inertial frames.
I am proposing that claims of anomalous heat such as the Black Light
Process and Arata - Zhang work with Pd powders are evidence of this
relativistic interpretation for Casimir effect. IMHO Casimir "PLATES"
cause equivalent acceleration on the mesoscopic scale in much the same
manner as a large mass causes gravity on the macro scale.The big difference
is the "CAVITY" between the two plates represents a sudden
break in this equivalent acceleration (something that cannot occur at
the macro scale)- The animation of the sailing ship at the top of the
page shows a sail with a small hole in it letting wind stream through
the sail many times faster than the ambient wind speed pushing the ship.
if the hole in the sail (or cavity between the plates)
is small enough it can never exhaust the pressure building in the sail
(or on the plates) and a permanent wind stream (or "time"
stream) is established. I believe this is what occurs in the Casimir
cavity only it is the vacuum fluctuations accumulated on the outside
of the plates streaming through instead of wind. I am proposing a neo
Lorentzian ether model where Lorentz's moving ether resides on the time
axis instead of the spatial axis. Vacuum fluctuations in this model
act like dye in the bloodstream to trace out the path of the time stream
as it intersects the spatial axis. From a temporal perspective space
is a flat two dimensional plane and Casimir "parallel plates"
are actually side by side. The motion of this "ether/time stream"
through our "flat" 2D spatial plane is opposed by matter much
like a sail opposes wind flow. This motion on the time axis manifests
itself as vacuum fluctuations which constantly wink into and out of
existence in the "Present". I am positing that vacuum fluctuations
exist as a potential traveling through time only materializing for the
briefest instant as they pass through our plane.
In the animation, our 3D illusion collapses to a 2d plane where time only intercepts our plane in the "Present". Vacuum fluctuations accumulate a pressure like wind in a sail that spills through the cavity faster than the ambient wind or isotropic value of the time stream outside the cavity. For the tiny confines of the Casimir cavity time occurs faster than the stream that created it. Like a sail this effect needs containment and can only occur when fully surounding the hole. the pressure accumulated by plate geometry is immediately dissipated at the edges of the bulk material similar to venturi effect it needs to restrict passage.
This model would also explain the Michaelson Morely results since the etheric motion occurs only on the time axis. The model might also be considered a quantum extension of the Puthoff atomic model where these same vacuum fluctuations are described as a "pressure" which keeps orbitals from decaying and establishes the stable orbits for every element across the periodic chart.
The point of this blog is to propose that change in Casimir effect is a source of energy. I have pointed out in previous blogs that skeletal catalyst pores are of Casimir geometry and that change in Casimir effect is the likely engine behind all catalytic action - not just skeletal catalysts. This is reinforced by recent announcement by Peng Chen at Cornell that catalytic action in nanotubes only occurs in nanotubes at the openings and defects where the Casimir geometry changes. In the 2009 book "Advances in Casimir effect" Bordag states that Casimir plates can be treated as fields. Anomalous heat between atomic hydrogen and rigid catalysts of Casimimir geometry has been researched for decades by examining the products of electrolytic cells, plasmas and skeletal catalysts. I am positing that the "anomalous" chemistry is ashless and the energy source is not the atoms themselves which only act as rectifiers inside the cavity. It is the bond state and local changes in cavity geometry (= catalytic action?) that pushes the atoms and diatoms to great differences in acceleration (fractional states). The research focused on the atom wall interactions or atom - atom and resulting artifacts is only going to identify normal chemistry / hydrides. Below is a simulation of atomic hydrogen in a Casimir cavity focused on only ashless chemistry where change in Casimir force acts to disassociate fractional diatoms. It will open in a separate window so that you can still read the description .
Simulation
of Fractional Hydrogen ash less chemistry
in Flash actionscript
The large spheres outside the cavity are atomic hydrogen which occasionally recombines to form h2 , the h2 either gets repelled away from the entrance to the cavity or disassociates due to change in Casimir force which wants to change the atoms to a fractional state in opposition to the bond. H1 translates freely into and out of the cavity. Once inside the atoms shrink to fractional states – if two different fractional orbitals form a fractional h2 molecule they give off what appears to be a blue photon from our perspective outside the cavity. The new fractional molecule can no longer be simply repelled away from the change in Casimir force because it is already at an intermediate fractional value which is going to change no matter which direction gas law drives the molecule (assuming the geometry is dynamic and not smooth like inside a nanotube that only has cat action at openings and defects). As the molecule moves Casimir force accumulates trying to change the fractional orbit until it finally breaks the diatomic bond allowing the translation to occur.
I am not saying that hydrogen isn't stored as hydrides
but this sim only focuses on the ash less chemistry that I believe occurs
when the stage is properly set with atomic gas and a rigid catalyst
with vigorous geometry (confinement). The fractional orbits inside the
cavity react differently to Casimir effect depending on their bond state.
diatoms outside the cavity resist the change in isotropy and get repelled
or disassociated by proximity to the mouth of the cavity while atoms
can translate in and out freely.
The Naudts orbital resolved the controversy regarding fractional hydrogen
but introduced “relativistic” hydrogen inside a stationary reactor!
This is not hydrogen accelerated through space to near luminal velocities;
this concept requires “equivalent motion” between time and space but
unlike the slowing of time by a gravitational mass associated with normal
equivalence or true acceleration, this solution accelerates time. When
defects or cavities occur in a conductive mass meeting Casimir geometry
the opposition to time flow by the "plates" is reversed in
the cavity. The cavity acts like a small hole in a large sail releasing
the pressure accumulated by the “plates” into a tiny “accelerated” stream
many times faster than the isotropic value outside the cavity. The accelerated
stream inside the Casimir cavity intercepts the spatial axis many times
faster than normal. This accelerates time for all particles and waves
inside the cavity instead of slowing time normally associated with equivalence
for the stationary observer. This makes the larger vacuum fluctuations
of Casimir theory appear smaller between the plates and makes atomic
orbitals appear fractional from our perspective. These orbitals occupy
equivalent inertial frames accumulating time dilation inside the cavity
and allowing use of full spin equations to describe their positions
by an observer outside the cavity. Effectively it allows electrons to
be modeled occupying the same spatial positions like photons. When these
equations were used to solve for fractional states they were dictating
a relativistic environment.
The big difference between relativistic hydrogen in space and relativistic hydrogen in a stationary Casimir cavity is that time dilation which normally slows time for real or equivalent acceleration is flipped inside the cavity where the normal equivalence on the outside of the plates is harnessed to accelerate time in a thin stream between the plates. This means that the spectral lines Mills published for his plasma may not match the spectral lines some researchers are looking for in space. Based on Naudts version of relativistic hydrogen I would expect the spectal shift of hydrogen ejected from the suns corona to be equal but in the opposite direction to the plasma created by a cavity. The Casimir cavity effectively creates "negative acceleration ".
The Lorentz Ether theory is presently less preferred than Special relativity but is equally valid mathematically. My proposal is a neo Lorentzian model where the moving ether has been transposed to the temporal axis. As shown in the animation above with the Casimir plates the ether perceives our plane as a flat spatial axis which it only intercepts in the Present. Vacuum fluctuations manifest this intersection by winking into and out of existence as the ether travels from Future to Past. The green arrows describe the flow of vacuum fluctuations between the plates. This theory taken to the limit would mean all matter/waves have two additional sides, one facing the Future and one facing the Past and no intervening matter blocking their view even if they exist in the center of a large mass - the mass becomes a giant ant farm from the temporal perspective. These virtual particles permeate all atomic and subatomic matter establishing the pressure described in the Puthoff atomic model.
From Wikipedia "Lorentz's initial theory created
in 1892 and 1895 was based on a completely motionless ether. It explained
the failure of the negative ether drift experiments to first order in
v/c by introducing a auxiliary variable called "local time"
for connecting systems at rest and in motion in the ether. In addition,
the negative result of the Michelson-Morley experiment led to the introduction
of the hypothesis of length contraction in 1892. However, other experiments
also produced negative results and so Lorentz was forced in 1899 and
1904 to expand his theory to (nearly) all orders in v/c by introducing
the Lorentz transformation, and to assume the electromagnetic nature
of all forces. Guided by the principle of relativity the theory ("The
New Mechanics") was further developed in 1905 by Henri Poincaré,
and also by Lorentz in 1909. Poincaré corrected some mistakes of Lorentz's
theory, and maintained that also non-electromagnetic forces had to be
taken into account. Many aspects of Lorentz's theory were incorporated
into special relativity (SR) with the works of Albert Einstein and Hermann
Minkowski.
Today LET is often treated as some sort of "Lorentzian" or
"neo-Lorentzian" interpretation of special relativity. The
introduction of length contraction and time dilation for all phenomena
in a "preferred" frame of reference (which plays the role
of Lorentz's immobile ether), leads to the complete Lorentz transformation.
Because of the same mathematical formalism it is not possible to distinguish
between LET and SR by experiment. However, in LET the existence of an
undetectable ether is assumed and the validity of the relativity principle
seems to be only coincidental, which is one reason why SR is commonly
preferred over LET. Another important reason for preferring SR is that
the new understanding of space and time was also fundamental for the
development of general relativity."
Zofia Bialynicka-Birula (1996) "Cavity QED" http://th-www.if.uj.edu.pl/acta/vol27/pdf/v27p2409.pdf
Jan Naudts (August 2005) “ On the hydrino state of relativistic hydrogen atom” http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0507193v2
Bourgoin, Ronald C (2007). "INVERSE QUANTUM STATES OF HYDROGEN". The International Society for Condensed Matter Nuclear Science http://www.iscmns.org/asti06/Bourgoin%20RECIPROCAL%20QUANTUM%20STATES.pdf
Peng Chen (April 2009) Pinpointing catalytic reactions on carbon nanotubes
Bernard Haisch and Garret Moddel patent US 7,379,286 B2 awarded May 27, 2008